Lupac Bifunctional Marker and Its Use in Protein Production

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to industrial production of proteins. More specifically, the invention relates to the Lupac surrogate marker, which corresponds to a fusion between luciferase and the puromycin N-acetyl transferase. The invention further relates to the use of Lupac for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to industrial production of proteins. More specifically, the invention relates to surrogate markers corresponding to a fusion between luciferase and the puromycin N-acetyl transferase. The invention further relates to the use of these surrogate for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest.

BACKGROUND

Introducing heterologous genes into animal host cells and screening for expression of the added genes is a lengthy and complicated process. Typically a number of hurdles have to be overcome: (i) the construction of large expression vectors; (ii) the transfection and selection of clones with stable long-term expression, eventually in the absence of selective pressure; and (iii) screening for high expression rates of the heterologous protein of interest.

1. Selection of Clones Expressing the Heterologous Gene

Selection of the clones having integrated the gene of interest is performed using a selection marker conferring resistance to a selective pressure. Most of the selection markers confer resistance to an antibiotic such as, e.g., neomycin, kanamycin, hygromycin, gentamycin, chloramphenicol, puromycin, zeocin or bleomycin.

When generating cell clones expressing a gene of interest from expression vectors, host cells are typically transfected with a plasmid DNA vector encoding both the protein of interest and the selection marker on the same vector. Quite often the capacity of a plasmid is limited and the selection marker has to be expressed from a second plasmid, which is co-transfected with the plasmid comprising the gene of interest.

Stable transfection leads to random integration of the expression vector in the genome of the host cell. Use of selective pressure, e.g. by administrating an antibiotic to the media, will eliminate all cells that did not integrate the vector containing the selection marker providing resistance to the respective antibiotic or selective pressure. If this selection marker is on the same vector as the gene of interest or, if this selection marker is on a second vector and vector comprising the gene of interest was co-integrated, the cells will express both the selection marker and the gene of interest. It is frequently observed, however, that the expression level of the gene of interest is highly variable depending on the site of integration.

Furthermore, when removing selective pressure, expression becomes quite often very unstable or even extinguished. Only a small number of initial transfectants are thus providing high and stable long-term expression and it is extremely tedious to identify these clones in a large population of candidates. Typically, high expressing candidates are isolated and then cultivated in absence of selective pressure. Under these conditions a large proportion of initially selected candidates are eliminated due to their loss of gene of interest expression upon removal of selective pressure. It would thus be advantageous to cultivate the candidates, following an initial period of selection for stable transfection, in absence of selective pressure and only then screen for gene of interest expression.

2. Screening for High Expressing Clones

Screening for high-expressing clones for a protein of interest is often done by methods directly revealing the presence of high amounts of the protein. Typically immunologic methods, such as ELISA or immunohistochemical staining, are applied to detect the product either intracellularly or in cell culture supernatants. These methods are tedious, expensive, time-consuming, and often not amenable to high throughput screenings (HTS). In addition, an antibody reactive to the expressed protein must be available.

Attempts to quantify the protein amounts by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) have also been made, but only with a limited success, especially in the case of secreted proteins (Borth et al., 2000)

One approach for the screening of high expression rates of the protein of interest would be the use of an easily measurable surrogate marker, expressed from the same vector as the gene of interest (Chesnut et al., 1996). The idea underlying the use of a measurable surrogate marker is that there is a correlation between the expression of the gene of interest and the surrogate marker gene due to the physical link of the two genes on the same vector.

Numerous easily measurable markers are available in the art. They usually correspond to enzymes which act on a chromogenic or luminogenic substrate such as, e.g., the β-glucuronidase, the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, the nopaline synthase, the β-galactosidase, secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) and the luciferase. The green fluorescent protein (GFP) may also be used as a measurable marker in FACS. The activity of all these proteins can be measured by standard assays that may be used in HTS.

The drawback of this approach is the use of yet another expression cassette for the surrogate marker gene. This renders the expression vector rather bulky, hosting expression units comprising a promoter, a cDNA and polyadanylation signals for at least three proteins (i.e., the gene of interest, the selection marker and the surrogate marker). For multi-chain proteins the situation becomes even more complex. Alternatively, individual plasmid vectors expressing the three genes, which encode the protein of interest, the selection marker and the surrogate marker respectively, could be co-transfected. However, it is likely that the vectors would be either integrated at different loci, or exhibit varying and uncorrelated expression.

A promising approach for overcoming the above limitations consists in the use of a chimeric marker that combines the functional properties of a selection marker and of a measurable marker. Such an approach has been described by, e.g., Bennett et al. (1998). This article discloses the GFP-Zeo^(R) marker, which confers resistance to the Zeocin antibiotic, and the expression of which can be monitored by fluorescence microscopy.

EP 1 262 553 discloses chimeric markers and their use either in a method for trapping unknown genes, or in a method of selecting cells in which a genetic element has been targeted into a predefined locus by homologous recombination. However, EP 1 262 553 does not teach the use of chimeric markers for screening for clones expressing high levels of a recombinant protein. Furthermore, the experimental data relates to a chimeric marker corresponding to a fusion protein between luciferase and the protein conferring resistance to hygromycin.

The potential use of chimeric markers for screening for high-expressing clones remains a poorly explored field, and the efficiency of such chimeric markers for screening for high-expressing clones needs to be further investigated. The finding of a novel, alternative and powerful chimeric surrogate marker would be extremely useful in the field of industrial production of therapeutic proteins.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention stems from the construction and characterization of a novel bifunctional chimeric marker, Lupac. Lupac corresponds to a fusion protein between luciferase and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin, the puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac). It has been demonstrated that Lupac combines the functional properties of both luciferase and pac. Lupac's usefulness for the isolation of high-expressing clones for a therapeutic protein has further been demonstrated.

Therefore, a first aspect of the invention relates to a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity.

A second aspect relates to a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide according to the invention.

A third aspect relates to a vector comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention.

A fourth aspect relates to a cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention.

A fifth aspect relates to the use of a cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the invention for producing a protein of interest.

A sixth aspect relates to the use of a polypeptide, a nucleic acid or a vector according to the invention for screening cells for expression of a protein of interest.

A seventh aspect relates to a method of screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) transfecting cells by a an expression vector according to         the invention;     -   (ii) selecting cells being resistant to puromycin; and     -   (iii) assaying the luciferase activity of the cells selected in         step (ii).

An eight aspect relates to a method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) screening cells according to a method of screening according         to the invention;     -   (ii) selecting the cell exhibiting the highest expression of         said protein of interest; and     -   (iii) establishing a cell line from said cell.

A ninth aspect relates to a method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) culturing a cell line obtained according to the invention         under conditions which permit expression of said protein of         interest; and     -   (ii) collecting said protein of interest.

A tenth aspect relates to a method of producing a polypeptide according to the invention comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) culturing a cell comprising a nucleic acid according to the         invention under conditions which permit expression of the Lupac         polypeptide; and     -   (ii) collecting the polypeptide according to the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows an alignment between a Lupac polypeptide in accordance with the invention (SEQ ID NO: 2), luciferase (SEQ ID NO: 8) and pac (SEQ ID NO: 9).

FIG. 2 shows a scheme of the pGlupac and of the pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l vectors. pGlupac contains the ORF for a Lupac polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 expressed form an SV40 promoter with an SV40 enhancer at 3′. Plasmid pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l contains a Lupac polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 expressed from the IE1 promoter of the bidirectional mouse CMV immediate early region. The IE2 promoter of this vector is driving expression of IL18BP.

FIG. 3 shows the luciferase activity of CHO cells transiently transfected either with pGlupac or with pGL3ctrl+pPur (vectors comprising luciferase and pac respectively). Luciferase activity is normalized by cell density in million/mi.

FIG. 4 shows the positive correlation between expression of a Lupac polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 (RLU) and IL18BP (RU) in 24 clones transfected with the pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l vector.

FIG. 5 is a scheme of the expression vector used in Example 4. This vector contains a Lupac polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 expressed from the IE1 promoter of the bidirectional mouse CMV immediate early region. The IE2 promoter of this vector is driving expression of a recombinant protein referred to as “Serono Protein 1” (r-SP1). The insulator is described in PCT/EP2004/052591.

FIGS. 6 and 7 show the r-SP1 titer and the viable cell density obtained when culturing a CHO cell line expressing r-SP1 (CHO-r-SP1), which was selected using Lupac as a surrogate marker (see Example 4).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEQUENCES OF THE SEQUENCE LISTING

SEQ ID NO: 1 corresponds to the nucleic acid sequence of a Lupac polypeptide in accordance with the invention.

SEQ ID NO: 2 corresponds to the protein sequence encoding a Lupac polypeptide in accordance with the invention.

SEQ ID Nos. 3 to 6 correspond to primers used for constructing a Lupac polypeptide in accordance with the invention.

SEQ ID NO: 7 corresponds to the fragment of the mouse CMV immediate early region present in the pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l vector.

SEQ ID NO: 8 corresponds to the protein sequence of the photinus pyralis luciferase.

SEQ ID NO: 9 corresponds to the protein sequence of the Streptomyces alboniger pac.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention stems from the construction and characterization of a novel bifunctional chimeric marker referred to as Lupac. Lupac corresponds to a fusion protein between luciferase and a protein conferring resistance to puromycin, the puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac).

It has been demonstrated that Lupac combines the functional properties of luciferase and of pac (Example 2). Accordingly, the Lupac marker can be used both as a selectable marker in stable transfections due to its pac activity and as an easily measurable surrogate marker due to its luciferase activity.

Lupac's usefulness for the isolation of high-expressing clones for a therapeutic protein has further been demonstrated. In Example 3, a vector comprising Lupac and a gene of interest, expressed from two different promoters, has been constructed. It has been shown that there is a very good positive correlation between Lupac expression levels and expression levels of the gene of interest.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a powerful marker, Lupac, which can both be used to provide selectivity in stable transfection and act as a surrogate marker for screening candidate clones for high expression of a gene of interest. Using Lupac in HTS allows keeping the same chance for selecting high-expressing clones as when the expression level of the gene of interest is measured directly. Moreover, using Lupac allows reducing time, cost and resources since (i) standardized product-independent and simple analysis is performed; and (ii) measuring luciferase activity is an inexpensive assay.

1. Lupac Polypeptides

A first aspect of the present invention relates to a polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity. As further used herein, the term “a Lupac polypeptide” or “Lupac” refers to such a polypeptide.

As used herein, a polypeptide exhibits “luciferase activity” when said polypeptide is capable of oxidizing luciferin. Preferably, said polypeptide is capable of catalyzing at least one of the following reactions:

-   -   Photinus luciferin+O₂+ATP=>oxidized Photinus         luciferin+CO₂+H₂O+AMP+diphosphate+light.     -   Renilla or Cypridina luciferin+O₂<=>oxidized Renilla         luciferin+CO₂+light

Photinus luciferin refers to (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(6-hydroxy-2-benzothiazoloyl)-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid. Cypridina luciferin refers to [3-[3,7-dihydro-6-(1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[(S)-1-methyl-6-propyl]-3-oxoimidazo-[1,2a]pyrazin-8-yl]propyl]guanidine. Renilla luciferin refers to 8-benzyl-2-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-6-(4-hydroxyphenyl)imidazo-[1,2-A]pyrazin-3(7H)-one.

Measurement of the light emitted during the above reactions allows measurement of luciferase activity. The luciferase activity can for example be measured as described in Example 2.2.

As used herein, a polypeptide exhibits “puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity” when said polypeptide is capable of conferring resistance to puromycin to a cell. The puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity can for example be measured as described in Example 2.3.

In a preferred embodiment, the Lupac polypeptide comprises a fragment of a luciferase coming from a firefly such as, e.g., photinus pyralis, Luciola cruciata, Luciola lateralis or Photuris pennsylvanica. Preferably, the Lupac polypeptide comprises a fragment of the photinus pyralis luciferase. As used herein, the term “photinus pyralis luciferase” refers to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8, or to an allelic variant, a splice variant or a mutein thereof. Most preferably, said fragment of a photinus pyralis luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8. Alternatively, said fragment of a photinus pyralis luciferase can correspond to a fragment of at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500 or 525 amino acids of the full-length photinus pyralis luciferase, or to the full-length photinus pyralis luciferase.

In another preferred embodiment, the Lupac polypeptide comprises a fragment of a luciferase coming from Renilla reniformis (sea pansy) or from Vargula hilgendorfii (Sea firefly).

In another preferred embodiment, the Lupac polypeptide comprises a fragment of a pac coming from a Streptomyces species such as, e.g., Streptomyces alboniger or Streptomyces coelicolor. Preferably, the Lupac polypeptide comprises a fragment of a Streptomyces alboniger pac. As used herein, the term “Streptomyces alboniger pac” refers to a polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 9 or to an allelic variant, a splice variant or a mutein thereof. More Preferably, the pac fragment comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9. Alternatively, said fragment of a Streptomyces alboniger pac can correspond to a fragment of at least 50, 75, 100, 125, 150 or 175 amino acids of the full-length Streptomyces alboniger pac, or to the full-length Streptomyces alboniger pac.

In a Lupac polypeptide, the luciferase fragment may be fused to the 5′ terminus of the pac fragment, or the pac fragment may be fused to the 5′ terminus of the luciferase fragment. Preferably, the luciferase fragment is fused to the 5′ terminus of the pac fragment.

In a most preferred embodiment, the Lupac polypeptide comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 2.

In another most preferred embodiment, the Lupac polypeptide comprises or consists of an amino acid sequence at least 50% identical, more preferably at least 60% identical, and still more preferably at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to SEQ ID NO: 2.

As used herein, the term “mutein” refers to an analog of a naturally occurring polypeptide, in which one or more of the amino acid residues of a naturally occurring polypeptide are replaced by different amino acid residues, or are deleted, or one or more amino acid residues are added to the naturally occurring sequence of the polypeptide, without lowering considerably the activity of the resulting products as compared with the naturally occurring polypeptide. These muteins are prepared by known synthesis and/or by site-directed mutagenesis techniques, or any other known technique suitable therefore. Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of photinus pyralis luciferase that can be used in accordance with the present invention, or nucleic acids encoding the muteins, including a finite set of substantially corresponding sequences as substitution peptides or polynucleotides which can be routinely obtained by one of ordinary skill in the art, without undue experimentation, based on the teachings and guidance presented herein.

Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of photinus pyralis luciferase in accordance with the present invention include proteins encoded by a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, which hybridizes to DNA or RNA, which encodes pac or luciferase, in accordance with the present invention, under moderately or highly stringent conditions. The term “stringent conditions” refers to hybridization and subsequent washing conditions, which those of ordinary skill in the art conventionally refer to as “stringent”. See Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, supra, Interscience, N.Y., §6.3 and 6.4 (1987, 1992), and Sambrook et al. (Sambrook, J. C., Fritsch, E. F., and Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).

Without limitation, examples of stringent conditions include washing conditions 12-20° C. below the calculated Tm of the hybrid under study in, e.g., 2×SSC and 0.5% SDS for 5 minutes, 2×SSC and 0.1% SDS for 15 minutes; 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 37° C. for 30-60 minutes and then, a 0.1×SSC and 0.5% SDS at 68° C. for 30-60 minutes. Those of ordinary skill in this art understand that stringency conditions also depend on the length of the DNA sequences, oligonucleotide probes (such as 10-40 bases) or mixed oligonucleotide probes. If mixed probes are used, it is preferable to use tetramethyl ammonium chloride (TMAC) instead of SSC.

Muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of photinus pyralis luciferase include polypeptides having an amino acid sequence at least 50% identical, more preferably at least 60% identical, and still more preferably at least 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98% or 99% identical to the naturally occurring polypeptide.

By a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least, for example, 95% “identical” to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention, it is intended that the amino acid sequence of the subject polypeptide is identical to the query sequence except that the subject polypeptide sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence. In other words, to obtain a polypeptide having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to a query amino acid sequence, up to 5% (5 of 100) of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted, deleted, or substituted with another amino acid.

For sequences where there is not an exact correspondence, a “% identity” may be determined. In general, the two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting “gaps” in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment. A % identity may be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or very similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length.

Methods for comparing the identity and homology of two or more sequences are well known in the art. Thus for instance, programs available in the Wisconsin Sequence Analysis Package, version 9.1 (Devereux et al., 1984), for example the programs BESTFIT and GAP, may be used to determine the % identity between two polynucleotides and the % identity and the % homology between two polypeptide sequences. BESTFIT uses the “local homology” algorithm of (Smith and Waterman, 1981) and finds the best single region of similarity between two sequences. Other programs for determining identity and/or similarity between sequences are also known in the art, for instance the BLAST family of programs (Altschul et al., 1990), accessible through the home page of the NCBI at world wide web site ncbi.nim.nih.gov) and FASTA (Pearson and Lipman, 1988; Pearson, 1990).

Preferred changes for muteins in accordance with the present invention are what are known as “conservative” substitutions. Conservative amino acid substitutions of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of photinus pyralis luciferase, may include synonymous amino acids within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties that substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological function of the molecule (Grantham, 1974). It is clear that insertions and deletions of amino acids may also be made in the above-defined sequences without altering their function, particularly if the insertions or deletions only involve a few amino acids, e.g. under thirty, and preferably under ten, and do not remove or displace amino acids which are critical to a functional conformation, e.g. cysteine residues. Proteins and muteins produced by such deletions and/or insertions come within the purview of the present invention.

Preferably, the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table I. More preferably, the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table II; and most preferably the synonymous amino acid groups are those defined in Table III. TABLE I Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids Amino Acid Synonymous Group Ser Ser, Thr, Gly, Asn Arg Arg, Gln, Lys, Glu, His Leu Ile, Phe, Tyr, Met, Val, Leu Pro Gly, Ala, Thr, Pro Thr Pro, Ser, Ala, Gly, His, Gln, Thr Ala Gly, Thr, Pro, Ala Val Met, Tyr, Phe, Ile, Leu, Val Gly Ala, Thr, Pro, Ser, Gly Ile Met, Tyr, Phe, Val, Leu, Ile Phe Trp, Met, Tyr, Ile, Val, Leu, Phe Tyr Trp, Met, Phe, Ile, Val, Leu, Tyr Cys Ser, Thr, Cys His Glu, Lys, Gln, Thr, Arg, His Gln Glu, Lys, Asn, His, Thr, Arg, Gln Asn Gln, Asp, Ser, Asn Lys Glu, Gln, His, Arg, Lys Asp Glu, Asn, Asp Glu Asp, Lys, Asn, Gln, His, Arg, Glu Met Phe, Ile, Val, Leu, Met Trp Trp

TABLE II More Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids Amino Acid Synonymous Group Ser Ser Arg His, Lys, Arg Leu Leu, Ile, Phe, Met Pro Ala, Pro Thr Thr Ala Pro, Ala Val Val, Met, Ile Gly Gly Ile Ile, Met, Phe, Val, Leu Phe Met, Tyr, Ile, Leu, Phe Tyr Phe, Tyr Cys Cys, Ser His His, Gln, Arg Gln Glu, Gln, His Asn Asp, Asn Lys Lys, Arg Asp Asp, Asn Glu Glu, Gln Met Met, Phe, Ile, Val, Leu Trp Trp

TABLE III Most Preferred Groups of Synonymous Amino Acids Amino Acid Synonymous Group Ser Ser Arg Arg Leu Leu, Ile, Met Pro Pro Thr Thr Ala Ala Val Val Gly Gly Ile Ile, Met, Leu Phe Phe Tyr Tyr Cys Cys, Ser His His Gln Gln Asn Asn Lys Lys Asp Asp Glu Glu Met Met, Ile, Leu Trp Trp

Examples of production of amino acid substitutions in proteins which can be used for obtaining muteins of Streptomyces alboniger pac or of photinus pyralis luciferase for use in the present invention include any known method steps, such as presented in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,959,314, 4,588,585 and 4,737,462, to Mark et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,116,943 to Koths et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,965,195 to Namen et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,879,111 to Chong et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,691 to Lee et al. and lysine substituted proteins presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,904,584 (Shaw et al).

Preferably, the muteins of the present invention exhibit substancially the same biological activity as the naturally occurring polypeptide to which it corresponds.

2. Lupac Nucleic Acids, and Vectors and Host Cells Comprising Them

A second aspect of the present invention relates to a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide. As further used in this specification, the term “Lupac nucleic acid” refers to such a nucleic acid.

In a preferred embodiment, the Lupac nucleic acid comprises or consists of SEQ ID NO: 1.

Any procedures known in the art can be used to obtain Lupac nucleic acids of the present invention. Lupac nucleic acids can for example be obtained as described in Example 1.

A third aspect of the present invention relates to a vector comprising a Lupac nucleic acid. Such a vector is referred to as a “Lupac vector” within the present specification. Preferably, the Lupac vector is an expression vector. Such a vector is further referred to as a “Lupac expression vector”. The term “Lupac vector” encompasses the term “Lupac expression vector”. The term “vector” is used herein to designate either a circular or a linear DNA or RNA compound, which is either double-stranded or single-stranded, and which comprise at least one polynucleotide of the present invention to be transferred in a cell host or in a unicellular or multicellular host organism. An “expression vector” comprises appropriate signals in the vectors, said signals including various regulatory elements, such as enhancers/promoters from viral, bacterial, plant, mammalian, and other eucaryotic sources that drive expression of the inserted polynucleotide in host cells.

In a most preferred embodiment, the Lupac expression vector further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest. As shown in example 3, such vectors are particularly useful for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest.

In accordance with the present invention, the protein of interest may be any polypeptide for which production is desired. The protein of interest may find use in the field of pharmaceutics, agribusiness or furniture for research laboratories. Preferred proteins of interests find use in the field of pharmaceutics.

For example, the protein of interest may be, e.g., a naturally secreted protein, a normally cytoplasmic protein, a normally transmembrane protein, or a human or a humanized antibody. When the protein of interest is a normally cytoplasmic or a normally transmembrane protein, the protein has preferably been engineered in order to become soluble. The polypeptide of interest may be of any origin. Preferred polypeptides of interest are of human origin.

In preferred embodiments, the protein of interest is selected from the group consisting of chorionic gonadotropin, follicle-stimulating hormone, lutropin-choriogonadotropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, human growth hormone, interferons (e.g., interferon beta-1a, interferon beta-1b), interferon receptors (e.g., interferon gamma receptor), TNF receptors p55 and p75, interleukins (e.g., interleukin-2, interleukin-11), interleukin binding proteins (e.g., interleukin-18 binding protein), anti-CD11a antibodies, erythropoietin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, pituitary peptide hormones, menopausal gonadotropin, insulin-like growth factors (e.g., somatomedin-C), keratinocyte growth factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, thrombomodulin, basic fibroblast growth factor, insulin, Factor VIII, somatropin, bone morphogenetic protein-2, platelet-derived growth factor, hirudin, epoietin, recombinant LFA-3/lgG1 fusion protein, glucocerebrosidase, and muteins, fragments, soluble forms, functional derivatives, fusion proteins thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the Lupac expression vector is a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest and comprising at least two promoters, one driving the expression of the Lupac polypeptide, and the other one driving the expression of the protein of interest. Such a vector may further comprise enhancer regions, and/or expression promoting sequences such as insulators, boundary elements, LCRs (e.g. described by (Blackwood and Kadonaga, 1998) or matrix/scaffold attachment regions (e.g. described by (Li et al., 1999). Internal ribosomal entry sites (IRES) may also be present between distinct ORFs present in the Lupac expression vector.

Alternatively, the Lupac expression vector comprises a promoter that drives both the expression of the gene of interest and the expression of Lupac, the ORF of Lupac being separated from the ORF of the protein of interest by the presence of an IRES. The IRES may be derived from, e.g., a virus or a cellular gene.

The term “promoter” as used herein refers to a region of DNA that functions to control the transcription of one or more DNA sequences, and that is structurally identified by the presence of a binding site for DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and of other DNA sequences, which interact to regulate promoter function. A functional expression promoting fragment of a promoter is a shortened or truncated promoter sequence retaining the activity as a promoter. Promoter activity may be measured in any of the assays known in the art, e.g. in a reporter assay using Luciferase as reporter gene (Wood et al., 1984; SELIGER and McELROY, 1960; de Wet et al., 1985), or commercially available from Promega®). An “enhancer region” refers to a region of DNA that functions to increase the transcription of one or more genes. More specifically, the term “enhancer”, as used herein, is a DNA regulatory element that enhances, augments, improves, or ameliorates expression of a gene irrespective of its location and orientation vis-à-vis the gene to be expressed, and may be enhancing, augmenting, improving, or ameliorating expression of more than one promoter.

In a preferred embodiment, the Lupac expression vector comprises at least one promoter of the murine CMV immediate early region. The promoter may for example be the promoter of the mCMV IE1 gene (the “IE1 promoter”), which is known from, e.g., WO 87/03905. The promoter may also be the promoter of the mCMV IE2 gene (the “IE2 promoter”), the mCMV IE2 gene itself being known from, e.g., Messerle et al. (1991). The IE2 promoter and the IE2 enhancer regions are described in details in PCT/EP2004/050280. Preferably, the Lupac expression vector comprises at least two promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region. More preferably, the two promoters are the IE1 and the IE2 promoters. Most preferably, the Lupac expression vector comprises SEQ ID NO: 7, which comprises the IE1 promoter, the IE2 promoter and an enhancer region.

In a preferred embodiment, the Lupac expression vector comprises at least two promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region, wherein one of them drives the expression of a Lupac polypeptide, and the other one drives the expression of a protein of interest. This embodiment is exemplified by the pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l vector shown on FIG. 4, wherein the IE1 promoter drives the expression of a Lupac polypeptide and the IE2 promoter drives the expression of a protein of interest.

In another preferred embodiment, the promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region drive the expression of genes encoding a protein of interest, and the Lupac polypeptide is expressed from an additional expression cassette inserted in the vector backbone. The IE1 and IE2 promoters may drive the expression either of two identical copies of the gene encoding the protein of interest, or of two subunits of a multimeric protein of interest such as antibodies or peptide hormones.

In another preferred embodiment, the Lupac expression vector comprises an amplification marker. This amplification marker may be selected from the group consisting of, e.g., adenosine deaminase (ADA), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), multiple drug resistance gene (MDR), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and N-(phosphonacetyl) -L-aspartate resistance (CAD). Amplification of the gene encoding the protein of interest allows increasing the expression level of the protein of interest upon integration of the vector in a cell (Kaufman et al., 1985).

A fourth aspect of the invention relates to a cell transfected with a Lupac vector. Many cells are suitable in accordance with the present invention, such as primary or established cell lines from a wide variety of eukaryotes including plant and animal cells. Preferably, said cell is an eukaryotic cell. More preferably, said cell is a mammalian cell. Most preferably, said cell is a Chinese hamster cell or a human cell.

For example, suitable cells include NIH-3T3 cells, COS cells, MRC-5 cells, BHK cells, VERO cells, CHO cells, rCHO-tPA cells, rCHO-Hep B Surface Antigen cells, HEK 293 cells, rHEK 293 cells, rC127-Hep B Surface Antigen cells, CV1 cells, mouse L cells, HT1080 cells, LM cells, YI cells, NS0 and SP2/0 mouse hybridoma cells and the like, RPMI-8226 cells, Vero cells, WI-38 cells, MRC-5 cells, Normal Human fibroblast cells, Human stroma cells, Human hepatocyte cells, human osteosarcoma cells, Namalwa cells, human retinoblast cells, PER.C6 cells and other immortalized and/or transformed mammalian cells.

3. Methods of using Lupac

A fifth aspect relates to the use of a cell comprising a Lupac nucleic acid for producing a protein of interest. Preferably, said cell comprises a Lupac vector.

As discussed in Examples 3.3.2., 3.3.3 and 4, using a Lupac polypeptide as a selection and surrogate marker provides numerous advantages for screening cells for high expression of a protein of interest. Specifically, since the expression of the Lupac polypeptide is highly correlated with the expression of the protein of interest, it is advantageous to perform a primary screen for high Lupac expression. The expression of the protein of interest is assayed in a secondary screen, which is only performed with the best producers isolated further to the primary screen for high Lupac expression.

Accordingly, a sixth aspect of the invention relates to the use of a Lupac polypeptide, of a Lupac nucleic acid or of a Lupac expression vector for screening cells for expression or for high expression of a protein of interest. The cells are first screened for high expression of Lupac, and expression of Lupac is then correlated to that of a protein of interest by inference. This allows to rapidly eliminate 80 to 95% of the tested cells based on low Lupac expression levels, and to retain the remaining 5-20% for analysis of expression of the gene of interest in a second step.

In the context of the uses and methods of the present invention, “high expression” refers to an expression level in a cell that is screened that is higher than in other cells that are screened. “High expression” of a protein is a relative value. For example, final expression levels of recombinant proteins that are commercially produced range from 1 to 2′000 mg.l⁻¹ depending on the protein, annual quantities required and therapeutic dose. During a screening, the expression level of a protein of interest is lower than the final expression level.

A seventh aspect relates to a method of screening cells for expression or high expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) transfecting cells by a Lupac expression vector;     -   (ii) selecting cells being resistant to puromycin; and     -   (iii) assaying the luciferase activity of the cells selected in         step (ii).

In a preferred embodiment, the 20% of cells that exhibit highest luciferase activity in step (iii) comprise the cell that exhibit highest expression of said protein of interest. Preferably, the 10% of cells that exhibit highest luciferase activity in step (iii) comprise the cell that exhibit highest expression of said protein of interest. Most preferably, the 1% or the 5% of cells that exhibit highest luciferase activity in step (iii) comprise the cell that exhibit highest expression of said protein of interest.

Preferably, luciferase activity is measured in step (iii) of the above method by the Bright-Glo luciferase assay on a Centro LB 960 luminometer during 5 seconds acquisition time.

Any number of cells may be screened by such a method. Preferably, the luciferase activity of at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1′000, 5′000, 10′000, 50′000, 100′000, 500′000 or 1′000′000 cells is assayed in step (iii). Most preferably, a population of cells sufficient for obtaining at least 1′000 to 10′000′000 independant transfectants being resistant to puromycin is screened. Out of these, at least 10 to 1′000′000 candidate clones being resistant to puromycin can further be assayed for luciferase activity.

The cells obtained at the end of the above screening method may be ranked relative to each other regarding Lupac expression. The cells exhibiting the highest luciferase activity may be selected at the end of any of the above methods of screening. For example, individual cells exhibiting luciferase activity corresponding to the top 5-20% of Lupac expressors are selected for further analysis of expression of the gene of interest in a subsequent step.

In a preferred embodiment, the above screening method further comprises the step of (iv) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting highest luciferase activity in step (iii). About 5% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii) may be selected based on highest Lupac activity. Alternatively, about 1%, 1,5%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5% to about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or 80% of the cells assayed in step (iii) may be selected based on highest Lupac activity.

In another preferred embodiment, the above method of screening is performed using multiwell microtiter plates or similar.

Upon selection of the cells exhibiting the highest luciferase activity, the expression level of the protein of interest in said selected cells may further be assayed.

Thus an eight aspect relates to a method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) screening cells according to any of the above methods of         screening;     -   (ii) selecting the cell exhibiting the highest expression of         said protein of interest; and     -   (iii) establishing a cell line from said cell.

As used herein, a “cell line” refers to one specific type of cell that can grow in a laboratory. A cell line can usually be grown in a permanently established cell culture, and will proliferate indefinitely given appropriate fresh medium and space. Methods of establishing cell lines from isolated cells are well-known by those of skill in the art.

A ninth aspect relates to a method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) culturing a cell line obtained as described above under         conditions which permit expression of said protein of interest;         and     -   (ii) collecting said protein of interest.

Conditions which permit expression of the protein of interest can easily be established by one of skill in the art by standard methods. For example, the conditions disclosed in Example 3.3.1 may be used.

In a preferred embodiment, the above method of producing a protein of interest further comprises the step of purifying said protein of interest. The purification may be made by any technique well-known by those of skill in the art. In the case of a protein of interest for use in the field of pharmaceutics, the protein of interest is preferably formulated into a pharmaceutical composition.

A tenth aspect relates to a method of producing a Lupac polypeptide comprising the step of:

-   -   (i) culturing a cell comprising a Lupac nucleic acid under         conditions which permit expression of the Lupac polypeptide; and     -   (ii) collecting the Lupac polypeptide.

Such a method may for example be performed as described in Example 2. Such a method may further comprise the step of purifying the Lupac polypeptide according to any method known in the art.

Having now fully described this invention, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the same can be performed within a wide range of equivalent parameters, concentrations and conditions without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention and without undue experimentation.

While this invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

All references cited herein, including journal articles or abstracts, published or unpublished U.S. or foreign patent application, issued U.S. or foreign patents or any other references, are entirely incorporated by reference herein, including all data, tables, figures and text presented in the cited references. Additionally, the entire contents of the references cited within the references cited herein are also entirely incorporated by reference.

Reference to known method steps, conventional methods steps, known methods or conventional methods is not any way an admission that any aspect, description or embodiment of the present invention is disclosed, taught or suggested in the relevant art.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments will so fully reveal the general nature of the invention that others can, by applying knowledge within the skill of the art (including the contents of the references cited herein), readily modify and/or adapt for various application such specific embodiments, without undue experimentation, without departing from the general concept of the present invention. Therefore, such adaptations and modifications are intended to be within the meaning and range of equivalents of the disclosed embodiments, based on the teaching and guidance presented herein. It is to be understood that the phraseology or terminology herein is for the purpose of description and not of limitation, such that the terminology or phraseology of the present specification is to be interpreted by the skilled artisan in light of the teachings and guidance presented herein, in combination with the knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Construction of Lupac

1.1. Obtention of a Lupac Nucleic Acid by PCR

Lupac was constructed by fusing the open reading frames for firefly luciferase and PAC by PCR cloning.

The template DNA for Luciferase was the pGL3-ctrl plasmid (Promega, cat # E1741) and the template DNA for puromycine acetyl transferase was the pPUR plasmid (Clontech, cat # 6156-1). Two couples of PCR primers (SEQ ID Nos. 3-6), allowing amplification and fusion of the 3′ end of luciferase to the 5′ end of puromycin acetyl transferase, were designed. The first one amplifies the Luciferase gene from the PpuMI site to the last amino acid excluding the stop codon, and the second one fused the 3′ end of luciferase to the 5′of puromycin acetyl transferase amplification, excluding the initial Methionin acting as translation start codon.

The PCR conditions were as follows:

Amplification of Luciferase: 50 pmol of primers od SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 4, 20 ng of pGL3-ctrl, 200 μM each dNTPs, 1× Thermopol Buffer, 2 units of Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs, cat # M0254S, contains 10× buffer), 5% DMSO, total volume is 50 μl.

Amplification of pac: Same chemical condition as for luciferase except 50 pmol of primers of SEQ ID Nos. 5 and 6, and 20 ng pPUR.

Cycling:

-   -   Denaturation: 1 cycle, 98° C., 5′     -   Hybridation/Polymerisation: 25 cycles at 98° C. for 1′ and at         60° C., 1′     -   Final polymerization: 1 cycle, 72° C., 10′

A band of 474 base pairs was obtained with the PCR for amplifying luciferase, whereas a band of 618 bp base pairs was obtained with the PCR for amplifying pac.

Each PCR reaction was purified using Nucleospin Extract kit from Macherey-Nagel following manufacturer's protocol, cat # 740 590 .50.

A 1 μl of each purified PCR fragment was used for performing another PCR reaction as follows:

50 pmol of primers of SEQ ID Nos. 3 and 6 were used. The same mix as described for the first step PCR was used, except that the Vent DNA polymerase was added after the first denaturation step (Hot Start method). The cycling parameters remained essentially the same, except the Hybridisation/Polymerization temperature was increased to 65° C.

This PCR reaction allows to fuse the two DNA fragments into one fragment of 1092 base pairs.

The PCR fragment was purified by cutting the band from an agarose gel, and centrifuging it in a Corning filter tip (cat #4823) at 9600 rpm for 10′ in an Eppendorf table centrifuge. The eluate was then precipitated by adding 2 volume of Ethanol 100% and centrifuged full speed.

1.2. Cloning of said Nucleic Acid

1.2.1. pBS-Lupac

The pellet was resuspended and treated with T4 polynucleotide kinase, (Stratagene, cat # 600103) according to the manufacurer's protocol. The recipient vector was pBluescript II SK(+) (cat # 212205-01,) cut by EcoRV, followed by Calf Intestine Alkaline Phosphatase treatment (Gibco 18009-027) according to the manufacurer's protocol. The plasmid pBS-Lupac was obtained by conventional ligation reaction and cloning in E. coli. The sequence of the plasmid was then verified by sequencing.

1.2.2. pGLupac

The verified pBS-Lupac sequence was digested by PpuMI/Xbal, the 1.1 kb band was purified using Corning tips and ethanol precipitation. The recipient vector was pGL3-ctrl digested by PpuMI/Xbal. The 4.8 kb band was purified by Corning tips elution. The vector obtained after ligation, pGLupac, comprised the Lupac sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, which codes for the Lupac polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2.

pGlupac is shown on FIG. 2. pGlupac contains the ORF for Lupac expressed from a SV40 promoter with an SV40 enhancer at 3′.

1.2.3. pGLupac-Basic

pGL3 Basic (Promega, cat # E1751) was cut by Ncol/Xbal. pGLupac is cut by Ncol/Xbal, and the lupac insert of 2.3 kb was purified using Corning tips. The vector obtained after ligation was called pGLupac-Basic.

1.2.4. pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l

pGLupac-Basic was digested by Nhel/Clal/Pvul. The 2.6 kb Nhel/Clal fragment was purified. The recipient vector was obtained by digesting a vector comprising the mouse CMV immediate early region by Nhel and Clal. This recipient vector comprises a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 which includes the IE1 and the IE2 promoters as well as the IE1 and IE2 enhancers. A detailed description of the function of a DNA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 is provided in PCT application No. PCT/EP2004/050280. The recipient vector further comprised a DNA sequence encoding IL18BP (SwissProt Accession No. 095998).

After ligation, a vector termed pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l was obtained. pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l is shown on FIG. 2. The expression of IL18BP is driven by the IE2 promoter, whilst the expression of Lupac is driven by the IE1 promoter.

In this construct, IL18BP corresponds to a protein of interest to be produced and Lupac to the surrogate marker.

Example 2 Characterization of Lupac's Function

Assays were performed in order to determine whether Lupac confers a dual function to stably transfected cells, namely measurable luciferase activity and resistance to puromycin. This was tested by transfecting CHO cells with an expression vector for Lupac. As a control, CHO cells were co-transfected with an expression vector for wild type firefly luciferase and an expression vector for pac.

2.1. Transfection of CHO cells using Lipofectamine.

The CHO-S cells were purchased from Gibco/Invitrogen ( Cat no:11619).

Format: 6 well plate

CHO-S in exponential growth phase were diluted to 0.75×10⁶ cells/ml twenty-four hours before transfection.

0.6×10⁶ cells were resuspended in 440 μl ProCho5 medium (Cambrex, cat #12766Q) supplemented with 4,5 mM Glutamine and 1×Hypoxanthine/Thymidine (HT). (100×HT, lnvitrogen, Cat.#:11067-030, L-Glutamine 200 mM, Sigma, G-7513)

Two mixes were prepared:

Mix A: Lipofectamine (Invitrogen, Cat No:18324-012): 8.8 μl

-   -   ProCho5 Medium:211.2 μl     -   Total volume: 220 μl.

Mix B: 1 μg plasmid DNA for either control or lupac construct, respectively.

-   -   Control: 0.5 μg of pGL3-Ctrl+0.5 μg of pPur.     -   Lupac: 0.5 μg pGLupac+0.5 μg of an irrelevant plasmid         (pBluescript II SK(+)).     -   ProCho5 Medium: complement to 220 μl.

Mixes A and B were mixed together, and let at room temp for 30 min.

This A+B mix was added to the 440 μl of medium containing 0.6×10⁶ cells. The cell suspension was placed in an incubator, 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 3 hours, and 1.6 ml ProCho5 supplemented with 133 HT and 4,5 mM L-Glutamine was then added. The cell suspension was further incubated under the same conditions.

2.2. Luciferase Measurement:

2.2.1. Protocol

Luciferase activity was measured two days after transfection. The Bright-Glo Luciferase assay system was purchased from Promega (Cat No: E2610). The assay was performed according to the manufacturer's guidelines. Briefly, the cell suspension was homogenized by pipetting up and down several times, and an aliquot of 50 μl was taken out and put it in a white 96 well plate (Nunc, Cat no:236108). 50 μl of reconstituted Bright-Glo Reagent was added directly, and the cell suspension was incubated for 5 min at room temp. Light emission was measured on a Centro LB 960 luminometer (Berthold Technologies) and acquisition time was 5 sec. Light emission is measured in Relative Light Units (RLU). The results were normalized for cell number (by cell density in million/ml).

2.2.2. Results

The results are shown on FIG. 3. Luciferase activity was measured both for cells transfected with pGlupac and for cells transfected with pGI3-ctrl+pPur. Accordingly, Lupac exhibits luciferase activity.

2.3. Selection for Resistance to Puromycin

2.3.1. Protocol

After Luc measurement, the remaining cells from the 6 well plate were transferred to a 15 ml Falcon tube, centrifuged, and the cell pellet was resuspended in 2 ml medium containing 5% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) in a 6 well plate. Selection was applied 48 hours post transfection, by exchanging the medium for ProCho5/HT/Glutamine/5% FBS containing 10 μg/ml of puromycin (Sigma, P-8833). Every two days, a medium exchange was performed by discarding the old medium, washing with 1× PBS, and adding fresh selective medium. After 2 weeks of selection, the cells were trypsinised, counted, and a series of dilutions corresponding to 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10 cells/well of a 6-w format was performed. Ten days later, the colonies growing in all dilutions were counted, and all of them were picked to allow growth in suspension in the absence of serum for protoclone analysis.

For the positive control co-transfection with pGL3-Ctrl and pPur, fifty seven (57) clones grew.

For the negative control, corresponding to untransfected CHO-S wild-type cells, no clones grew.

For the transfection with pGlupac and pBluescript II SK(+), forty eight (48) clones grew.

Thus a similar amount of clones growing in the selective medium was observed. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the puromycin resistance conferred by the fusion protein is comparable to the puromycin resistance conferred by the wild-type puromycin resistance gene.

The luciferase activity of the resistant clones was then measured. Luciferase measurement identified higher percentage of clones expressing both functions upon transfection with pGLupac than upon co-transfection with luciferase and the puromycin resistance gene on separate vectors (Table IV). This confirms the efficacy of Lupac. TABLE IV Number of puromycin-resistant % of clones clones analyzed expressing Luciferase pGL3-ctrl + 57 82 SVp-Puro pGLupac 48 98

In conclusion, the Lupac fusion protein shows the combined activity and function of both luciferase and pac proteins.

Example 3 Use of Lupac as a Surrogate Marker

The dual function of the created Lupac fusion protein suggests that it should also have a dual impact. First, Lupac should allow the isolation of stably transfected clones by their resistance to puromycin, and secondly, Lupac expression levels should reflect expression levels of a physically connected gene of interest by measurement of luciferase activity. In order to test this hypothesis, a series of clones from pools of cells stably transfected with pBSI.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l were generated. Lupac activity and IL18BP expression levels were measured.

3.1. Transfection of CHO cells using Lipofectamine.

The CHO-S cells were purchased from Gibco/Invitrogen (Cat no:11619).

Format: T75 flasks.

CHO-S cells in exponential growth phase were passaged 24 h before transfection. They were diluted to 0.75×10⁶ cells/ml.

5×10⁶ cells were resuspended in 7 ml ProCho5 medium ( Cambrex Cat no:12766Q) supplemented with 1× HT (Invitrogen, Cat.no:11067-030) and 4,5 mM L-Glutamine (Sigma, Cat.no:G-7513) in a T75 flask.

Two mixes were prepared:

-   -   Mix A: Lipofectamine ( Invitrogen, Cat No:18324-012): 52,1 μl         ProCho5 Medium: 517,9 μl Total volume: 570 μl.

Mix B: DNA: 10 μg of total DNA containing 5 μg of pBS.IL18BPmCMVLupac.l, linearized with Xmnl, and 5 μg of an irrelevant plasmid (pBluescript II SK+) ProCho5 Medium: complement to 570 μl.

Mixes A and B were combined, and incubated for 30 min at room temperature.

This A+B mix was added to the 7 ml containing 5×10⁶ cells. This suspension was placed back in an incubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂ for 3 hours. The culture was then centrifuged at 800 g for 3 minutes, and the cell pellet resuspended in 5 ml ProCho5 supplemented with 1× HT and 4,5 mM L-Glutamine. 5 ml of ProCho5/HT/Glutamine were then added directly to the T75 flask, and added to the suspension. At the end, 5×10⁶ cells were in 10 ml ProCho5/HT/Glutamine medium.

3.2. Selection Procedure

The selection was applied 48 hours post transfection, by exchanging the medium and diluting to 0.5×10⁶ cells/ml in ProCho5/HT/Glutamine containing 10 μg/ml of puromycine (Sigma, P-8833). Every two days, cells were counted, centrifuged, and resuspended in fresh selective medium at 0.5×10⁶ living cells/ml. Viability is checked at these points. After 21 to 35 days the selection was completed. The viability, after the expected initial drop, reached more than 80% again.

Once the stable pool established, cells were seeded in 384 well plates (Nunc, cat. No.: 164688) at a density of 1 cell per well (70 μl/well) using a Multidrop dispenser (ThermoLabsystems, cat. 5840150), and randomly picked clones were re-arrayed in one 96 well plate two weeks later.

3.3. Analysis of Expression

3.3.1. Protocol

In order to evaluate expression of both genes a high throughput format was used (96 well plates).

-   -   Day 1: A 50% dilution of the cells was performed in 100 μl of         ProCho5 culture medium (serum free)+100 μl of fresh ProCho5         containing 5% Fetal Bovine Serum. Weekly passage of the         maintenance plate was done in a 1/20 dilution factor in ProCho5         medium devoid of serum.     -   Day 2: Medium was discarded, washed once with 200 μl 1× PBS         (Invitrogen, Cat. No.: 10010-015). 75 μl fresh ProCho5         containing 5% FBS was added, and the suspension was incubated         for a 24 h expression pulse.     -   Day 3: 50 μl of the supernatants were recovered, and 200 μl         Elisa buffer added (1× PBS, 0.1% w/v BSA, 0.2% v/v Tween 20).         100 μl were analyzed by a standard ELISA assay for IL18BP.

The wells were washed with 200 μl 1× PBS (discard) and 100 μl Glo Lysis buffer (Promega, E266a) were added. The wells were incubated for 30 min at room temperature to ensure cell lysis.

Luciferase measurement was done using 30 μl lysed cells transferred in a white 96 well plate (Nunc Cat 236108)+30 μl reconstituted Bright-Glo reagent (Promega, E263a). Light emission was measured on a Centro LB960 luminometer during 5 seconds acquisition time.

In FIG. 4, IL18BP expression level is measured by a Biacore instrument in Response Units (RU, a measure given by the manufacturer) and luciferase activity is measured in Relative Light Units (RLU).

3.3.2. Results

Eighty-five (85) candidate clones were randomly selected and assayed for both Lupac and IL18BP expression. Twenty-four (24) individual clones where selected for further studies: 8 clones each representing high, medium or low Lupac expression respectively. All 24 clones were then re-assayed for expression of both genes.

FIG. 4 shows the correlation observed with these experiments. There is a very good correlation between Lupac and IL18BP expression, especially at both ends of the range. In other words, the highest expressors for Lupac also correspond to the highest expressors for IL18BP.

Lupac can thus be used as a selective and surrogate marker to establish and screen candidate clones with a vector expressing both Lupac and the protein of interest. For example, a primary screen can be done for high Lupac expression with a high probability of selecting clones that also exhibit high gene of interest expression. Thus, very tedious, lengthy and costly screens using ELISA or other approaches can be avoided. Furthermore, screening for Lupac is independent from the specific gene of interest that is chosen, so the same approach can be used for a variety of screening programs, which is a clear logistical advantage. Gene of interest expression will only be assayed in a secondary screen of the best producers from the primary screen.

3.3.3. Conclusion

Using Lupac in HTS will allow keeping the same chance for selecting high expressing clones, and allow reducing time and resources. In a classical HTS clone generation approach, the best clones are typically chosen on the basis of high titers for secreted proteins upon screening of more than 2,000 clones. Using Lupac, a clone giving a similar productivity for IL18BP was obtained upon screening of only 85 clones. The reduction of the screening sample size to get similar productivities of a gene of interest may relate to the ease of use of the Lupac approach and the associated reduction of sampling errors and assay variance related to ELISA high throughput screens. In addition, by selecting the 5 to 10 best clones per plate, the best clone per plate is expected to be selected. Thus, using Lupac for screening 1,000 clones will reduce the number of clones to be analyzed to 50 to 100, and thus allow the avoidance of a second HTS.

In addition, it is important to note that the fusion of two individual enzymes with so different activities and origins surprisingly retains their function in Lupac as it is described here. The retained dual function clearly leads to a dual impact as Lupac can truly be used to provide selectivity in stable transfection and act as a surrogate marker for screening candidate clones for high expression of a gene of interest.

Finally, it is also worth to note that in the present experiments, the expression of intracellular Lupac is highly correlated with the expression of the secreted IL18BP. Other high throughput techniques, such as cell sorting with a FACS, clearly have their limitations when screening for secreted proteins.

Example 4 Obtention of a High Producer Clone for r-SP1

The aim of this experiment was to develop a high producer CHO cell line for a recombinant protein referred to as recombinant Serono Protein 1 (r-SP1).

No direct high throughput screening method for the r-SP1 protein did exist. The commercially available Elisa assay for measuring the quantity of r-SP1 in a sample only allowed analyzing eight (8) samples per microtiter plaque due to its low sensitivity. Such an Elisa assay is qualified as a “low throughput” Elisa assay to the contrary to “high throughput” Elisa assays that allow analyzing close to ninety-six (96) samples per microtiter plaque.

It would be an extremely tedious and time-consuming process to screen for high producer clones for r-SP1 using the commercially available low throughput Elisa assay (if at all realistic). Instead of using such a lengthy process, it will be shown below that high producer clones were rapidly and successfully screened using Lupac as a surrogate marker.

4.1. Experimental Approach for the Screening

A flowchart of the experimental approach is shown in Table V.

The expression vector coding for the recombinant protein r-SP1 and combining the bi-directional mouse CMV IE1 and IE2 promoters with other elements necessary for efficient expression is shown in FIG. 5. This vector co-expresses r-SP1 and Lupac. The pools of stably transfected cells were established in the presence of puromycin.

Following selection, titer and specific productivity (pcd) of r-SP1 were evaluated at the level of the pools, and the two best pools were subjected to clone isolation.

700 clones for each selected pool were analysed in two rounds of high throughput luciferase assay. The clones expressing the highest levels of Lupac were selected. This allowed reducing the number of clones from 1400 to 19 in only two days.

These 19 clones were further analyzed in quantitative ELISA for titer and specific productivity of r-SP1 in order to select the clones expressing the highest levels of r-SP1. These clones underwent a further round of cloning in order to ensure the obtention of independent clones. Specific productivity (pcd) was analyzed for the 10 independent clones. A Master Cell Bank was established for the most promising clone. The resulting cell line was referred to as CHO-r-SP1. TABLE V

4.2. Production of r-SP1 from the CHO-r-SP1 Cell Line

The CHO-r-SP1 cell line was cultivated in suspension in a serum-free medium in a 250 L bioreactor using a fed-batch process. As shown on FIGS. 6 and 7, the r-SP1 titer reached levels as high as 401 mg/L after 22 days. The cell viability was still very good at the end of the run. The CHO-r-SP1 cell line growed to high cell density (10 millions/ml) with an average specific productivity of 2 pcd.

4.3. Conclusion

This experiment validates the use of Lupac in a real screening format. The use of Lupac as a surrogate marker allowed successfully selecting a producer clone that expressed high levels of a protein of interest for which no direct high throughput screening method was available.

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1-38. (canceled)
 39. A composition of matter comprising: a) a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; b) a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; c) a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; d) a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; e) a Lupac polypeptide comprising a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; f) SEQ ID NO: 2; g) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: i) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; ii) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; iii) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; iv) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; v) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or vi) SEQ ID NO: 2; h) SEQ ID NO: 1; i) a vector comprising: i) SEQ ID NO: 1; or ii) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: A) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; B) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; C) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; D) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; E) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or F) SEQ ID NO: 2; or j) a host cell comprising a vector, said vector comprising: i) SEQ ID NO: 1; or ii) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: A) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; B) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; C) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; D) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; E) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or F) SEQ ID NO:
 2. 40. The composition of matter according to claim 39, wherein said composition of matter is a vector and said vector further comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest.
 41. The composition of matter according to claim 40, wherein said vector comprises at least two promoters, one driving the expression of said Lupac polypeptide and the other driving the expression of said protein of interest.
 42. The composition of matter according to claim 41, wherein said at least two promoters are promoters of the murine CMV immediate early region.
 43. The composition of matter according to claim 42, wherein said at least two promoters are the IE1 and the IE2 promoters.
 44. The composition of matter according to claim 39, wherein said composition of matter is a vector and said vector further comprises an amplification marker selected from the group consisting of adenosine deaminase (ADA), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), multiple drug resistance gene (MDR), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and N-(phosphonacetyl) -L-aspartate resistance (CAD).
 45. The composition of matter according to claim 39, wherein said composition of matter is a host cell and said host cell is a mammalian cell.
 46. The composition of matter according to claim 45, wherein said mammalian cell is a CHO cell.
 47. The composition of matter according to claim 45, wherein said mammalian cell is a human cell.
 48. A method of screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: (i) transfecting cells by the expression vector; (ii) selecting cells being resistant to puromycin; and (iii) assaying the luciferase activity of the cells selected in step (ii); wherein said expression vector comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest and: i) SEQ ID NO: 1; or ii) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: A) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; B) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; C) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; D) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; E) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or F) SEQ ID NO:
 2. 49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% of cells that exhibit the highest luciferase activity in step (iii) comprise the cell that exhibit the highest expression of said protein of interest.
 50. The method according to claim 48, wherein the luciferase activity of at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 or 1,000,000 cells is assayed at step (iii).
 51. The method according to claim 49, wherein the luciferase activity of at least 20, 50, 100, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, 50,000, 100,000, 500,000 or 1,000,000 cells is assayed at step (iii).
 52. The method according to claim 48, further comprising the step of: (iv) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting the highest luciferase activity in step (iii).
 53. The method according to claim 49, further comprising the step of: (iv) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting the highest luciferase activity in step (iii).
 54. The method according to claim 50, further comprising the step of: (iv) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting the highest luciferase activity in step (iii).
 55. The method according to claim 51, further comprising the step of: (iv) selecting about 1% to about 20% of the cells assayed in step (iii), wherein the selected cells are those exhibiting the highest luciferase activity in step (iii).
 56. The method according to claim 48, further comprising the step of: (v) assaying the expression level of the protein of interest in the cells selected at the end of step (iv).
 57. A method of obtaining a cell line expressing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: (a) screening cells screening cells for expression of a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: (i) transfecting cells by the expression vector; (ii) selecting cells being resistant to puromycin; and (iii) assaying the luciferase activity of the cells selected in step (ii); wherein said expression vector comprises a nucleic acid encoding a protein of interest and: i) SEQ ID NO: 1; or ii) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: A) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; B) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; C) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; D) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; E) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or F) SEQ ID NO: 2; (b) selecting the cell exhibiting the highest expression of said protein of interest; and (c) establishing a cell line from said cell.
 58. A method of producing a protein of interest, said method comprising the step of: (a) culturing a cell line obtained according to the method according to claim 57 under conditions which permit expression of said protein of interest; and (b) collecting said protein of interest.
 59. The method according to claim 58, further comprising the step of purifying said protein of interest.
 60. The method according to claim 59, further comprising the step of formulating said protein of interest into a pharmaceutical composition.
 61. A method of producing a Lupac polypeptide comprising: (a) culturing a host cell comprising a vector, said vector comprising: i) SEQ ID NO: 1; or ii) a nucleic acid encoding a Lupac polypeptide comprising: A) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity; B) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase comprises amino acids 1 to 547 of SEQ ID NO: 8; C) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac comprises amino acids 2 to 199 of SEQ ID NO: 9; D) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a luciferase is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a pac; E) a fragment of a luciferase fused to a fragment of a puromycin N-acetyl transferase (pac), wherein said Lupac polypeptide exhibits: (i) luciferase activity; and (ii) puromycin N-acetyl transferase activity, wherein said fragment of a pac is fused to the 5′ terminus of said fragment of a luciferase; or F) SEQ ID NO: 2; and (b) collecting the Lupac polypeptide produced by said host cell.
 62. The method according to claim 61, further comprising the step of purifying said Lupac polypeptide. 